Exploiter le potentiel des espèces à croissance rapide d'Indonésie : durabilité et sorption
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.19182/bft2023.358.a37275Mots-clés
basidiomycetes, durabilité inhérente, résistance à l’humidité, analyse immédiate, bois dur tropical, Asie du Sud-EstRésumé
La foresterie sociale ou communautaire a été promue comme une piste intégratrice pour atténuer le changement climatique, dans le cadre du programme REDD+ de la CCNUCC (Réduction des émissions dues à la déforestation et à la dégradation des forêts). Les essences à croissance rapide sont peu exploitées en foresterie communautaire en Asie du Sud-Est, alors que leur potentiel pourrait contribuer à satisfaire la demande de bois de sciage en forte croissance. En 2016, le gouvernement indonésien s'est fixé pour objectif de céder des concessions totalisant 12,7 millions d'hectares à la foresterie communautaire, objectif qui reste fortement soutenu au niveau national. Si les essences commerciales de plantation, principalement le sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria L. Nielsen) et le jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba Roxb.), sont en forte demande, le potentiel d'autres essences, telles que l'acacia (Acacia mangium Willd.), mérite d'être exploré. Le paulownia (Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Steud.) a également été utilisé dans cette étude. Physiologiquement, les essences à croissance rapide diffèrent des bois durs à longue rotation par leur qualité, c'est-à-dire leur résistance à la biodétérioration. Dans cette étude, la durabilité naturelle des espèces à croissance rapide susmentionnées a été étudiée en laboratoire, en utilisant des monocultures de basidiomycètes. Des échantillons de bois ont été exposés à la pourriture brune (Coniophora puteana) et blanche (Trametes versicolor) pendant 16 semaines. Des paramètres tels que la perte de masse, la dureté de la surface, les propriétés de sorption et les caractéristiques anatomiques après exposition aux champignons ont été déterminés. Les temps de mesure de la sorption à haute température étaient plus rapides et l'hystérésis plus faible. Différents niveaux d'humidité relative ont affecté les modifications de la surface totale des vaisseaux. Parmi les essences à croissance rapide, A. cadamba, P. falcataria et P. tomentosa ont été classées comme peu durables à non durables, tandis que A. mangium a été classé comme durable. Les données concernant les échantillons exposés à C. puteana se sont avérées très variables. La dureté axiale restante des échantillons de bois incubés avec T. versicolor était inférieure à celle de C. Putanea. L'observation EDX (spectroscopie de rayons X à dispersion d’énergie) a montré que K était le cation principal dans les échantillons atteints de pourriture.
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