Eucalyptus robusta for sustainable fuelwood production in Madagascar: Review of knowledge and future prospects
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.19182/bft2014.320.a20541Keywords
Carbon, Charcoal, climate change, Economic analysis, Plant breeding, research, silviculture, storage, technological changes, Wood, Crop yield, forest management, Bioenergy, Eucalyptus robusta, Sustainability, Wood energy, carbon sequestration, MadagascarAbstract
Since it was introduced in Madagascar, Euca- lyptus robusta has been considered as a suit- able species for reforestation thanks to its outstanding ecological adaptability. With fur- ther plantings in rural communities, the species now covers some 140 000 hectares around Antananarivo. Its timber has become the main source of fuel for urban and rural households in Madagascar. Today, however, the sustainability of this resource is under severe threat. The market deficit coupled with rural poverty is causing forest owners to shorten their coppicing cycles, sometimes to as little as 2 years. This over-exploitation is depleting soil minerals that are not being replaced by nutrient inputs. Traditional char- coal production has continued, using earth mounds where the potential yield by weight is only about 10%. Applying simple methods to double the yield would substantially reduce the forest area logged each year for charcoal. At 6 years of age, the annual incre- ment in commercial timber from older cop- pices is about 18.8 m3/ha/year. The best recently imported provenances are doubling the average individual volume of 9 year-old trees. Seed orchards have been planted with several provenances from the natural range of the species to create composite varieties. However, the quality of the varieties pro- duced is significantly affected by preferen- tially intra-provenance fertilisation and exter- nal pollen. In extending the planted area, rural populations have continued to use local seeds or to plant seedlings found in old plan- tations. These E. robusta plantations should continue to produce wood despite the biotic and abiotic changes already observed in Madagascar. To cope with these changes, modern technologies can help forest researchers to develop a sustainable fuel- wood production system around large urban centres. This would maintain regular incomes to enable rural populations to survive.
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