Quels sont les défis opérationnels et les coûts pour les porteurs-chargeurs forestiers dans différentes conditions de site dans le sud de Bahia, au nord-est du Brésil ?
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.19182/bft2025.362.a37726Mots-clés
: opérations forestières, étude des temps de cycle de travail, extraction du bois, productivité des machines forestières, Brésil.Résumé
Le secteur brésilien des forêts plantées joue un rôle essentiel dans la durabilité économique et environnementale, favorisant la mécanisation pour répondre aux demandes du marché. Cependant, les études portant sur les performances opérationnelles dans la région nord-est restent rares, en particulier dans des conditions de site et de peuplement variables. De plus, il existe un manque de modèles prédictifs reliant la productivité des porteurs-chargeurs aux coûts opérationnels et aux stratégies d'extraction adaptées à la variabilité locale des sites. Il convient de noter que l'extraction forestière au Brésil est confrontée à des défis en raison de la variabilité des conditions édapho-climatiques, qui ont un impact sur la productivité des porteurs-chargeurs et les coûts opérationnels. Cette étude visait à évaluer comment des facteurs opérationnels spécifiques (tels que la distance d'extraction, la capacité de charge du porteur-chargeur, la productivité forestière et la répartition du temps dans le cycle opérationnel de la machine) influencent l'efficacité et les coûts de l'extraction du bois. Les données de terrain ont été collectées dans le sud de Bahia, une zone stratégique pour l'industrie de la pâte à papier et du papier, dans des peuplements présentant des niveaux de productivité et des rotations forestières distincts. Des études sur le temps et les mouvements, une régression linéaire, et une analyse des coûts ont révélé que les modèles prédictifs expliquaient jusqu'à 92 % de la productivité des porteurs-chargeurs. Une forte corrélation inverse a été observée entre la productivité et la distance d'extraction. Ce résultat souligne l'importance de réduire au minimum les longs trajets afin de diminuer les coûts. La productivité était directement proportionnelle au rendement forestier, le processus de chargement des porteurs-chargeurs représentant jusqu'à 42 % du cycle opérationnel. L'utilisation de porteurs-chargeurs de plus grande capacité a permis d'optimiser l'extraction, avec une moyenne de 21 m³ par trajet. L'analyse des coûts a montré une augmentation de 26 % du coût par mètre cube avec une baisse du rendement forestier et une augmentation de 61 % avec des distances d'extraction plus longues. Ces résultats définissent les paramètres opérationnels optimaux pour le sud de Bahia, dans le nord-est du Brésil, en mettant l'accent sur la rentabilité et l'amélioration des performances.
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