Techniques agroforestières à faible coût pour l'atténuation du dérèglement climatique et l'adaptation à celui-ci en Afrique subsaharienne
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.19182/bft2023.356.a36908Mots-clés
agroforesterie, innovation, impact, coût, Afrique subsaharienne.Résumé
L'agroforesterie englobe un large éventail de techniques et de pratiques ayant un potentiel pour améliorer la productivité des exploitations agricoles avec un minimum d'impact sur l'environnement, dans le contexte de l'atténuation du dérèglement climatique et de l'adaptation à celui-ci. Notre étude examine la pertinence des techniques et pratiques agroforestières en Afrique subsaharienne (ASS) pour l’atténuation et l’adaptation au dérèglement climatique. Nous avons inventorié 173 ouvrages scientifiques et 62 ont été examinés. Nos résultats indiquent que des techniques accomplies et bien développées sont utilisées dans les systèmes agroforestiers en Afrique subsaharienne. Elles peuvent être classées en quatre groupes principaux (cultures intercalaires, jachères améliorées, paillage et parcs) et sept sous-groupes (cultures de relais, cultures intercalaires de haies, boisements en rotation, jachères en taillis, régénération gérée par les agriculteurs, domestication d'arbres à la ferme par poly-propagation et paillage) en fonction de facteurs tels que l'origine et l'utilisation des arbres et les types d'association arbres-cultures. Notre étude a montré que l'effet positif maximal de l'agroforesterie en mode parc est obtenu lorsque la densité des arbres se situe entre 20 et 40 arbres/ha, puisque nos résultats indiquent une augmentation de la production végétale de 915,9 kg/ha. En outre, dans l'ensemble, la rentabilité du travail pour les techniques utilisant des arbres fertilisants dépasse de 17 % la rentabilité pour les jachères naturelles. Les techniques agroforestières contribuent grandement au programme REDD+, mais les meilleures techniques avec le meilleur rapport coût-bénéfice et un effet conséquent pour l’atténuation et l’adaptation semblent être les systèmes de culture intercalaire et de jachère améliorée. Cependant, nous avons constaté un manque de précision et de détail quant aux coûts économiques, sociaux et environnementaux spécifiques au contexte pour les différentes techniques. Pour que les agriculteurs puissent prendre des décisions utiles et rationnelles dans le cadre de l'adoption de l'agroforesterie, les recherches à venir doivent veiller à détailler les coûts économiques, sociaux et environnementaux de chaque technique dans chaque contexte spécifique.
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