Le type d'utilisation des sols impacte-t-il les structures démographiques et spatiales des populations de Adansonia digitata L. dans la réserve de la biosphère du Pendjari au nord du Bénin ?
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.19182/bft2020.344.a31908Mots-clés
terres agricoles, structure populationnelle, aire protégée, recrutement, distribution spatiale, BéninRésumé
Les modifications des types d'occupation des sols sont un facteur majeur de perte de diversité biologique et de déclin des espèces. Les réponses à ces modifications sont spécifiques aux espèces, qui peuvent elles-mêmes être dépendantes du contexte. La connaissance de ces réponses est indispensable à la gestion des essences d'arbres sauvages ayant une importance socio-économique. Le baobab, Adansonia digitata L., est une essence largement utilisée en agroforesterie traditionnelle en Afrique subsaharienne. Cette étude évalue l'impact des modifications du type d'occupation des sols sur la structure populationnelle et spatiale des peuplements de baobab. En se basant sur les données d'inventaire et la cartographie des baobabs présents sur 12 placettes de 250 m × 250 m, l'étude compare la densité et la hauteur totale des arbres, leur distribution selon leur diamètre, la stabilité des peuplements et leurs relations spatiales au sein d'une aire strictement protégée (parc national), d'une zone tampon et de terres agricoles (Matéri et Boukombé) dans la Réserve de la biosphère du Pendjari au Bénin. Les résultats montrent que les plus fortes densités d'arbres jeunes et matures se situent dans les terres agricoles (de Matéri, en particulier), ensuite dans la zone tampon et le parc national. Aucun écart significatif entre les hauteurs totales et les diamètres des arbres n'est constatée pour les différents types d'occupation des sols. La distribution selon le diamètre présente une forme en « J » inversé, la pente négative et les mesures de stabilité populationnelle affichant des valeurs plus favorables (pour Matéri, en particulier), mais la pente est aplatie pour la zone tampon. Les distributions spatiales des baobabs juvéniles et adultes sont aléatoires et indépendantes les unes des autres. La distribution spatiale des baobabs adultes et juvéniles est également indépendante de celle des autres essences, quel que soit le type d'occupation des sols. L'étude en conclut que la conservation des baobabs est meilleure dans les zones agricoles que dans le parc national, mais que la différence entre le parc et les zones agricoles semble dépendre du contexte et serait liée aux conditions environnementales locales, au contexte socio-écologique et aux interactions avec les baobabs.
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Références
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Beaune D., Fruth B., Bollache L., Hohmann G., Bretagnolle F., 2013. Doom of the elephant-dependent trees in a Congo tropical forest. Forest Ecology and Management 295: 109-117.
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Edkins M., Kruger L., Harris K., Midgley J., 2008. Baobabs and elephants in Kruger National Park: nowhere to hide. African Journal of Ecology, 46: 119-125. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2028.2007.00798.x
Gnanglè C. P., Glèlè Kakaï R., Assogbadjo A. E., Vodounnon S., Afouda Yabi J., Sokpon N., 2011. Tendances climatiques passées, modélisation, perceptions et adaptations locales au Bénin. Climatologie, 8: 27-40. http://lodel.irevues.inist.fr/climatologie/index.php?id=259
Gruenwald J., Galizia M., 2005. Market Brief in the European Union for selected natural ingredients derived from native species: Adansonia digitata L. Baobab. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) BioTrade Initiative/BioTrade Facilitation Programme (BTFP) UNCTAD/DITC/TED, Geneva, 35 p. http://www.biotrade.org/ResourcesPublications/biotradebrief-baobab.pdf
Helm C. V., Witkowski E., 2012. Characterising wide spatial variation in population size structure of a keystone African savanna tree. Forest Ecology and Management, 263: 175-188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2011.09.024
Houéhanou T. D., Assogbadjo A. E., Glèlè Kakaï R., Kyndt T., Houinato M., Sinsin B., 2013. How far a protected area contributes to conserve habitat species composition and population structure of endangered African tree species (Benin, West Africa). Ecological Complexity, 13: 60-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecocom.2013.01.002
Kassa B. D., Fandohan B., Azihou A. F., Assogbadjo A. E., Oduor A. M., Kidjo F. C., et al., 2014, Survey of Loxodonta africana (Elephantidae)‐caused bark injury on Adansonia digitata (Malavaceae) within Pendjari Biosphere Reserve, Benin. African Journal of Ecology, 52: 385-394. https://doi.org/10.1111/aje.12131
Law R., Illian J., Burslem D. F., Gratzer G., Gunatilleke C., Gunatilleke I., 2009. Ecological information from spatial patterns of plants: insights from point process theory. Journal of Ecology, 97 (4): 616-628. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2009.01510.x
Lejeune P., 2001. Arpent 2.0, logiciel de saisie de données d’arpentage – Guide d’utilisation [Arpent 2.0, surveying data aquisition software]. FUSAGx. Note Technique Forestière, 5 : 1-12.
Lykke A. M., 1998. Assessment of species composition change in savanna vegetation by means of woody plants' size class distributions and local information. Biodiversity and Conservation, 7 (10): 1261-1275. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008877819286
Martins A. R., Shackleton C. M., 2017. Abundance, population structure and harvesting selection of two palm species (Hyphaene coriacea and Phoenix reclinata) in Zitundo area, southern Mozambique. Forest Ecology and Management, 398: 64-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2017.05.005
McNeely J. A., 1997. Conservation and the Future: Trends and Options Toward the Year 2025. Gland, Belgium, International Union for Conservation of Nature, Biodiversity Policy Coordination Division, 119 p.
Munthali C., Chirwa P. W., Changadeya W., Akinnifesi F. K., 2013. Genetic differentiation and diversity of Adansonia digitata L. (baobab) in Malawi using microsatellite markers. Agroforestry Systems, 87: 117-130. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-012-9528-2
Obiri J., Lawes M., Mukolwe M., 2002. The dynamics and sustainable use of high-value tree species of the coastal Pondoland forests of the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Forest Ecology and Management, 166: 131-148. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00665-X
Philip M. S., 1994. Measuring Trees and Forests. 2nd ed. Wallingford, United Kingdom, CABI Publishing, 310 p.
Pochron S. T., 2005. Does relative economic value of food elicit purposeful encounter in the yellow baboons (Papio hamadryas cynocephalus) of Ruaha National Park, Tanzania? Primates, 46: 71-74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10329-004-0104-x
Ripley B. D., 1991. Statistical Inference for Spatial Processes. Cambridge, United Kingdom, Cambridge University Press, 148 p.
Salako V. K., Azihou A. F., Assogbadjo A. E., Houéhanou T. D., Kassa B. D., Glèlè Kakaï R. L., 2016. Elephant‐induced damage drives spatial isolation of the dioecious palm Borassus aethiopum Mart. (Arecaceae) in the Pendjari National Park, Benin. African Journal of Ecology 54: 9-19. https://doi.org/10.1111/aje.12253
Salako V. K., Kénou C., Dainou K., Assogbadjo A. E., Glèlè Kakaï R., 2019. Impacts of land use types on spatial patterns and neighbourhood distance of the agroforestry palm Borassus aethiopum Mart. in two climatic regions in Benin, West Africa. Agroforestry Systems, 93: 1057-1071. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-018-0205-y
Schumann K., Wittig R., Thiombiano A., Becker U., Hahn K., 2010. Impact of land-use type and bark-and leaf-harvesting on population structure and fruit production of the baobab tree (Adansonia digitata L.) in a semi-arid savanna, West Africa. Forest Ecology and Management, 260: 2035-2044. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2010.09.009
Seidler T. G., Plotkin J. B., 2006. Seed dispersal and spatial pattern in tropical trees. PLoS Biology, 4: 2132-2137. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0040344
Shen Y., Santiago L. S., Ma L., Lin G.-J., Lian J.-Y., Cao H.-L., et al., 2013. Forest dynamics of a subtropical monsoon forest in Dinghushan, China: recruitment, mortality and the pace of community change. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 29: 131-145. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266467413000059
Sidibe M., Williams J., 2002. Baobab. Adansonia digitata. Southampton, United Kingdom, International Centre for Underutilised Crops, 99 p.
Sinsin B., Saidou A., 1998. Impact des feux contrôlés sur la productivité des pâturages naturels des savanes soudano-guinéennes du ranch de l'Okpara au Bénin. Annales des Sciences Agronomiques, 1 (1): 11-30.
Stoyan D., Stoyan H., 1994. Fractals, Random Shapes, and Point Fields: Methods of Geometrical Statistics. Chichester, United Kingdom, John Wiley & Sons, 389 p.
Svatek M., Rejžek M., Kvasnica J., Řepka R., Matula R., 2018. Frequent fires control tree spatial pattern, mortality and regeneration in Argentine open woodlands. Forest Ecology and Management 408:129-136.
Vellak A., Tuvi E. L., Reier Ü., Kalamees R., Roosaluste E., Zobel M., Pärtel M., 2009. Past and present effectiveness of protected areas for conservation of naturally and anthropogenically rare plant species. Conservation Biology, 23: 750-757. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.01127.x
Venter S. M., Witkowski E. T., 2011. Baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) fruit production in communal and conservation land-use types in Southern Africa. Forest Ecology and Management, 261: 630-639. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2010.11.017
Venter S. M., Witkowski E. T., 2013. Using a deterministic population model to evaluate population stability and the effects of fruit harvesting and livestock on baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) populations in five land-use types. Forest Ecology and Management, 303: 113-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2013.04.013
Wiegand K., Ward D., Thulke H.-H., Jeltsch F., 2000. From snapshot information to long-term population dynamics of Acacias by a simulation model. Plant Ecology, 150: 97-114. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026574303048
Adomou A., Sinsin B., Akoégninou A., Maesen J., 2010. Plant species and ecosystems with high conservation priority in Benin. In: van der Burgt X., van der Maesen J., Onana J.-M. (eds). Systematics and Conservation of African Plants. Proceedings of the 18th AETFAT Congress, Yaounde, Cameroon. London, United Kingdom, Kew Publishing, 429-444.
Assogbadjo A. E., Sinsin B., Codjia J. T. C., Van Damme P., 2005. Ecological diversity and pulp, seed and kernel production of the baobab (Adansonia digitata) in Benin. Belgian Journal of Botany, 138: 47-56.
Baddeley A., Turner R., Møller J., Hazelton M., 2005. Residual analysis for spatial point processes (with discussion). Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 67 (5): 617-666. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9868.2005.00519.x
Barnes R., 1980. The decline of the baobab tree in Ruaha National Park, Tanzania. African Journal of Ecology, 18 (4): 243-252. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2028.1980.tb01053.x
Beaune D., Fruth B., Bollache L., Hohmann G., Bretagnolle F., 2013. Doom of the elephant-dependent trees in a Congo tropical forest. Forest Ecology and Management 295: 109-117.
Benot M. L., Bittebiere A. K., Ernoult A., Clement B., Mony C., 2013. Fine‐scale spatial patterns in grassland communities depend on species clonal dispersal ability and interactions with neighbours. Journal of Ecology, 101: 626-636. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12066
Blake S., Deem S. L., Mossimbo E., Maisels F., Walsh P., 2009. Forest Elephants: Tree Planters of the Congo. Biotropica, 41: 459-468.
Botha J., Witkowski E., Shackleton C., 2002. A comparison of anthropogenic and elephant disturbance on Acacia xanthophloea (fever tree) populations in the Lowveld, South Africa. Koedoe, 45: 9-18. https://doi.org/10.4102/koedoe.v45i1.10
Bouché P., Lungren C., Hien B., Omondi P., 2004. Recensement aérien total de l’Écosystème “W”-Arly-Pendjari-Oti-Mandouri-Keran (WAPOK), CITES-MIKE, ECOPAS,PAUCOF, Bénin, Burkina Faso, Niger, Togo, 115 p.
Charles-Dominique P., 1995. Interactions plantes-animaux frugivores, conséquences sur la dissémination des graines et la régénération forestière. Revue d'Écologie, 50 : 223-235. http://hdl.handle.net/2042/54805
Chirwa M., Chithila V., Kayambazinthu D., 2006. Distribution and Population Structures of Adansonia digitata in Some Parts of Ntcheu, Dedza and Mangochi Districts, Malawi. Goverment of the Republic of Malawi, FRIM Report 6002, 32 p.
Condit R., Ashton P. S., Baker P., Bunyavejchewin S., Gunatilleke S., Gunatilleke N., et al., 2000. Spatial patterns in the distribution of tropical tree species. Science, 288 (5470): 1414-1418. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.288.5470.1414
Dhillion S. S., Gustad G., 2004. Local management practices influence the viability of the baobab (Adansonia digitata Linn.) in different land use types, Cinzana, Mali. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 101 (1): 85-103.
Diggle P. J., Ribeiro P. J., Christensen O. F., 2003. An introduction to model-based geostatistics. In: Møller J. (ed.). Spatial Statistics and Computational Methods. New York, USA, Springer, 43-86. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-21811-3_2
Djossa B. A., Fahr J., Wiegand T., Ayihouénou B., Kalko E., Sinsin B., 2008. Land use impact on Vitellaria paradoxa C.F. Gaerten. stand structure and distribution patterns: a comparison of Biosphere Reserve of Pendjari in Atacora district in Benin. Agroforestry Systems, 72 (3): 205-220. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-007-9097-y
Duvall C. S., 2007. Human settlement and baobab distribution in south‐western Mali. Journal of Biogeography, 34 (11): 1947-1961.
Edkins M., Kruger L., Harris K., Midgley J., 2008. Baobabs and elephants in Kruger National Park: nowhere to hide. African Journal of Ecology, 46: 119-125. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2028.2007.00798.x
Gnanglè C. P., Glèlè Kakaï R., Assogbadjo A. E., Vodounnon S., Afouda Yabi J., Sokpon N., 2011. Tendances climatiques passées, modélisation, perceptions et adaptations locales au Bénin. Climatologie, 8: 27-40. http://lodel.irevues.inist.fr/climatologie/index.php?id=259
Gruenwald J., Galizia M., 2005. Market Brief in the European Union for selected natural ingredients derived from native species: Adansonia digitata L. Baobab. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) BioTrade Initiative/BioTrade Facilitation Programme (BTFP) UNCTAD/DITC/TED, Geneva, 35 p. http://www.biotrade.org/ResourcesPublications/biotradebrief-baobab.pdf
Helm C. V., Witkowski E., 2012. Characterising wide spatial variation in population size structure of a keystone African savanna tree. Forest Ecology and Management, 263: 175-188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2011.09.024
Houéhanou T. D., Assogbadjo A. E., Glèlè Kakaï R., Kyndt T., Houinato M., Sinsin B., 2013. How far a protected area contributes to conserve habitat species composition and population structure of endangered African tree species (Benin, West Africa). Ecological Complexity, 13: 60-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecocom.2013.01.002
Kassa B. D., Fandohan B., Azihou A. F., Assogbadjo A. E., Oduor A. M., Kidjo F. C., et al., 2014, Survey of Loxodonta africana (Elephantidae)‐caused bark injury on Adansonia digitata (Malavaceae) within Pendjari Biosphere Reserve, Benin. African Journal of Ecology, 52: 385-394. https://doi.org/10.1111/aje.12131
Law R., Illian J., Burslem D. F., Gratzer G., Gunatilleke C., Gunatilleke I., 2009. Ecological information from spatial patterns of plants: insights from point process theory. Journal of Ecology, 97 (4): 616-628. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2009.01510.x
Lejeune P., 2001. Arpent 2.0, logiciel de saisie de données d’arpentage – Guide d’utilisation [Arpent 2.0, surveying data aquisition software]. FUSAGx. Note Technique Forestière, 5 : 1-12.
Lykke A. M., 1998. Assessment of species composition change in savanna vegetation by means of woody plants' size class distributions and local information. Biodiversity and Conservation, 7 (10): 1261-1275. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008877819286
Martins A. R., Shackleton C. M., 2017. Abundance, population structure and harvesting selection of two palm species (Hyphaene coriacea and Phoenix reclinata) in Zitundo area, southern Mozambique. Forest Ecology and Management, 398: 64-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2017.05.005
McNeely J. A., 1997. Conservation and the Future: Trends and Options Toward the Year 2025. Gland, Belgium, International Union for Conservation of Nature, Biodiversity Policy Coordination Division, 119 p.
Munthali C., Chirwa P. W., Changadeya W., Akinnifesi F. K., 2013. Genetic differentiation and diversity of Adansonia digitata L. (baobab) in Malawi using microsatellite markers. Agroforestry Systems, 87: 117-130. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-012-9528-2
Obiri J., Lawes M., Mukolwe M., 2002. The dynamics and sustainable use of high-value tree species of the coastal Pondoland forests of the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Forest Ecology and Management, 166: 131-148. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00665-X
Philip M. S., 1994. Measuring Trees and Forests. 2nd ed. Wallingford, United Kingdom, CABI Publishing, 310 p.
Pochron S. T., 2005. Does relative economic value of food elicit purposeful encounter in the yellow baboons (Papio hamadryas cynocephalus) of Ruaha National Park, Tanzania? Primates, 46: 71-74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10329-004-0104-x
Ripley B. D., 1991. Statistical Inference for Spatial Processes. Cambridge, United Kingdom, Cambridge University Press, 148 p.
Salako V. K., Azihou A. F., Assogbadjo A. E., Houéhanou T. D., Kassa B. D., Glèlè Kakaï R. L., 2016. Elephant‐induced damage drives spatial isolation of the dioecious palm Borassus aethiopum Mart. (Arecaceae) in the Pendjari National Park, Benin. African Journal of Ecology 54: 9-19. https://doi.org/10.1111/aje.12253
Salako V. K., Kénou C., Dainou K., Assogbadjo A. E., Glèlè Kakaï R., 2019. Impacts of land use types on spatial patterns and neighbourhood distance of the agroforestry palm Borassus aethiopum Mart. in two climatic regions in Benin, West Africa. Agroforestry Systems, 93: 1057-1071. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-018-0205-y
Schumann K., Wittig R., Thiombiano A., Becker U., Hahn K., 2010. Impact of land-use type and bark-and leaf-harvesting on population structure and fruit production of the baobab tree (Adansonia digitata L.) in a semi-arid savanna, West Africa. Forest Ecology and Management, 260: 2035-2044. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2010.09.009
Seidler T. G., Plotkin J. B., 2006. Seed dispersal and spatial pattern in tropical trees. PLoS Biology, 4: 2132-2137. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0040344
Shen Y., Santiago L. S., Ma L., Lin G.-J., Lian J.-Y., Cao H.-L., et al., 2013. Forest dynamics of a subtropical monsoon forest in Dinghushan, China: recruitment, mortality and the pace of community change. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 29: 131-145. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266467413000059
Sidibe M., Williams J., 2002. Baobab. Adansonia digitata. Southampton, United Kingdom, International Centre for Underutilised Crops, 99 p.
Sinsin B., Saidou A., 1998. Impact des feux contrôlés sur la productivité des pâturages naturels des savanes soudano-guinéennes du ranch de l'Okpara au Bénin. Annales des Sciences Agronomiques, 1 (1): 11-30.
Stoyan D., Stoyan H., 1994. Fractals, Random Shapes, and Point Fields: Methods of Geometrical Statistics. Chichester, United Kingdom, John Wiley & Sons, 389 p.
Svatek M., Rejžek M., Kvasnica J., Řepka R., Matula R., 2018. Frequent fires control tree spatial pattern, mortality and regeneration in Argentine open woodlands. Forest Ecology and Management 408:129-136.
Vellak A., Tuvi E. L., Reier Ü., Kalamees R., Roosaluste E., Zobel M., Pärtel M., 2009. Past and present effectiveness of protected areas for conservation of naturally and anthropogenically rare plant species. Conservation Biology, 23: 750-757. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.01127.x
Venter S. M., Witkowski E. T., 2011. Baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) fruit production in communal and conservation land-use types in Southern Africa. Forest Ecology and Management, 261: 630-639. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2010.11.017
Venter S. M., Witkowski E. T., 2013. Using a deterministic population model to evaluate population stability and the effects of fruit harvesting and livestock on baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) populations in five land-use types. Forest Ecology and Management, 303: 113-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2013.04.013
Wiegand K., Ward D., Thulke H.-H., Jeltsch F., 2000. From snapshot information to long-term population dynamics of Acacias by a simulation model. Plant Ecology, 150: 97-114. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026574303048
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ASSOGBA, O. D. I. ., SALAKO, K. V. ., FANTODJI, B., ASSÉDÉ, Éméline P. S. ., ASSOGBADJO, A. E. ., & CHIRWA, P. W. . (2020). Le type d’utilisation des sols impacte-t-il les structures démographiques et spatiales des populations de Adansonia digitata L. dans la réserve de la biosphère du Pendjari au nord du Bénin ?. BOIS & FORETS DES TROPIQUES, 344, 59–72. https://doi.org/10.19182/bft2020.344.a31908
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