Production of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) and diversity of harvesting practices and decision-making processes in northern Thailand’s community forests
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.19182/bft2020.343.a31845Keywords
Melientha suavis, Oecophylla smaragdina, edible mushrooms, gathering practices, non-timber forest product, weaver ants, wild mushroom picker, ThailandAbstract
Previous research on community forestry in Thailand has mainly focused on its institutional dimensions. Comprehensive knowledge on the production of non-timber forest products and on harvesting practices and decision-making processes is therefore still limited, particularly in relation to community-based forestry. A survey was performed to estimate the production of non-timber forest products and to characterise the diversity of harvesting practices and decision-making processes in northern Thailand’s community forests. Field investigations were conducted once a month for 12 months in seven community forests in the Lainan sub-district in Nan Province, using a grid-based sampling technique. Production and productivity of the main non-timber forest products were calculated by total fresh weight. In-depth interviews were conducted individually with 231 local harvesters to understand their NTFP harvesting practices and decision-making processes. Young shoots of Melientha suavis, queen broods of Oecophylla smaragdina and edible mushrooms were found to be the three main non-timber forest products collected, with productivity of 2, 12, and 2 kg/ha/year, respectively. Harvesting practices were characterised as applied by (A) landless villagers, (B) small- and medium-sized landholders, (C) larger landholders, and (D) outsiders. Local harvesters displayed different decision-making processes in resource harvesting depending on periods of resource availability, the duration of harvests and the quantities harvested. These quantitative data on resource productivity together with knowledge of harvesting practices and decision-making processes among harvesters will provide input to a participatory resource management process to support exchanges of knowledge among local stakeholders and explore scenarios for appropriate rules of access so as to improve the sustainability of non-timber forest product harvesting.
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References
<b>References</b>
Amprayn K., Keawduang M., Tangkoonboribun R., Tanpanich S., 2013. Growth enhancement of pak wanpa (Melientha suavis Pierre) by inoculating with plant growth-promoting microorganisms and incorporated sowing with agasta (Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Poir.). In: Proceedings of the 51st Kasetsart University Annual Conference, Bangkok, Thailand, 5-7 February 2013, 8-16. [In Thai]. http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=TH2017000232
Barnaud C., Trébuil G., Dumrongrojwatthana P., Marie J., 2008. Area study prior to Companion Modelling to integrate multiple interests in upper watershed management of northern Thailand. Southeast Asian Studies, 45 (4): 559-585. http://publications.cirad.fr/une_notice.php?dk=547244
Berg J. V. D., Wiersum K. F., Dijk H. V., 2007. The role and dynamics of community institutions in the management of NTFP resources. Forests, Trees and Livelihoods, 17: 183-197. https://doi.org/10.1080/14728028.2007.9752596
Boissière M., Mulcahy G., Sethaphal L., Beang L. C., 2013. Improving the management of commercial non-timber forest products in Cambodia for the benefit of local communities. Bois et Forêts des Tropiques, 317 (3): 21-34. https://doi.org/10.19182/bft2013.317.a20520
Chandrasrikul A., Suwanarit P., Sangwanit U., Morinaga T., Nishizawa Y., Murakami Y., 2008. Diversity of Mushrooms and Macrofungi in Thailand. Bangkok, Thailand, Kasetsart University Press, 514 p. [In Thai].
Chanopas M., Chanopas W., Jongjitvimol T., Chiangkool A., Sanpote P., 2006. Survey on macrofungi at Doi Wiang La Wildlife Sanctuary in Mae Hong Son Province. Naresuan University International Journal of Science, 2 (2): 175-181. [In Thai].
Charoenchai L., Settharaksa S., Songsak T., Ruangrungsi N., Kraisintu K., 2013. Phytochemical screening tests of Melientha suavis Pierre and Urobotyra siamensis Hiepko extracts. Bulletin of Health, Science and Technology, 11 (2): 13-20. https://www.rsu.ac.th/bhst/public/upload/journal/article/abstract/20141218FLP8update_3_p13-20_Laksana_Phytochemical%20Screening.pdf
Delang C. O., 2006. Not just minor forest products: the economic rationale for the consumption of wild food plants by subsistence farmers. Ecological Economics, 59: 64-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2005.10.006
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Egli S., 2011. Mycorrhizal mushroom diversity and productivity–an indicator of forest health? Annals of Forest Science, 68: 81-88. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13595-010-0009-3
Gomontean B., Gajaseni J., Edwards-Jones G., Gajaseni N., 2008. The development of appropriate ecological criteria and indicators for community forest conservation using participatory methods: a case study in northeastern Thailand. Ecological Indicators, 8: 614-624. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2007.08.006
Górriz-Mifsud E., Govigli V. M., Bonet J. A., 2017. What to do with mushroom pickers in my forest? Policy tools from the landowners’ perspective. Land Use Policy, 63: 450-460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.02.003
Julapak P., Mankeb P., Mekhora T., Suwanmaneepong S., Chulilung P., 2016. Financial cost and benefit analysis of Pak-wan Pa (Melientha suavis Pierre) farming in Ban Mo district, Saraburi province, Thailand. International Journal of Agricultural Technology, 12 (7.2): 1845-1856. https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20173120224
Kabir E., Webb E. L., 2006. Saving a forest: the composition and structure of a deciduous forest under community management in northeast Thailand. Natural History Bulletin of the Siam Society, 54 (2): 239-260. http://umich.edu/~ifri/Publications/Kabir_and_Webb_SAVING_A_FOREST_final.pdf
Kaewnarin K., Suwannarach N., Kumla J., Lumyong S., 2016. Phenolic profile of various wild edible mushroom extracts from Thailand and their antioxidant properties, anti-tyrosinase and hyperglycaemic inhibitory activities. Journal of Functional Foods, 27: 352-364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2016.09.008
Karunarathna S. C., Yang Z. L., Zhao R., Vellinga E. C., Bahkali A. H., Chukeatirote E., et al., 2011. Three new species of Lentinus from northern Thailand. Mycological Progress, 10: 389-398. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-010-0701-6
Kullama P., Sinunta P., 2011. Edible wild mushrooms and price value in Nan. Thaksin University Journal, 14 (3): 65-75. [In Thai].
Lohbeck M., Bongers F., Martinez-Ramos M., Poorter L., 2016. The importance of biodiversity and dominance for multiple ecosystem functions in a human-modified tropical landscape. Ecology, 97 (10): 2772-2779. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.1499
Lokkers C., 1990. Colony dynamics of the green tree ant (Oecophylla smaragdina Fab.) in a seasonal tropical climate. Doctoral Thesis, James Cook University of North Queensland, Australia.
Martínez de Aragón J., Bonet J. A., Fischer C. R., Colinas C., 2007. Productivity of ectomycorrhizal and selected edible saprotrophic fungi in pine forests of the pre-Pyrenees mountains, Spain: predictive equations for forest management of mycological resources. Forest Ecology and Management, 252: 239-256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2007.06.040
Meteorological Department, 2019. Meteorological statistics at Nan Meteorology Station. [In Thai].
Mortimer P. E., Karunarathna S. C., Li Q., Gui H., Yang X., Yang X., et al., 2012. Prized edible Asian mushrooms: ecology, conservation and sustainability. Fungal Diversity, 56: 31-47. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-012-0196-3
Mukul S. A., Rashid A. Z. M. M., Uddin M. B., Khan N. A., 2016. Role of non-timber forest products in sustaining forest based livelihoods and rural households’ resilience capacity in and around protected area: a Bangladesh study. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 59 (4): 628-642. https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2015.1035774
Nantasen N., Panyain T., Thanatheerabunjong B., Klinchan P., Maruean I., Nongchang P., et al., 2005. Social collaboration for forest and water resource management at Lainan Sub-district, Wiang Sa District, Nan Province. Research Report for Locality, Thailand Research Fund, 168 p. [In Thai].
Offenberg J., 2011. Oecophylla smaragdina food conversion efficiency: prospects for ant farming. Journal of Applied Entomology, 135: 575-581. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0418.2010.01588.x
Offenberg J., Wiwatwitaya D., 2010. Sustainable weaver ant (Oecophylla smaragdina) farming: harvest yields and effects on worker ant density. Asian Myrmecology, 3: 55-62. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267237271_Sustainable_weaver_ant_Oecophylla_smaragdina_farming_Harvest_yields_and_effects_on_worker_ant_density
Pokharel R. K., Neupane P. R., Tiwari K. R., Köhl M., 2015. Assessing the sustainability in community based forestry: a case from Nepal. Forest Policy and Economics, 58: 75-84. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1389934114001932
Prathepha P., 2000. Detection of RAPD variation in a forest tree species, Melientha suavis Pierre (Opiliaceae) from Thailand. ScienceAsia, 26: 213-218.
Robinson E. J. Z., Lokina R. B., 2011. A spatial-temporal analysis of the impact of access restrictions on forest landscapes and household welfare in Tanzania. Forest Policy and Economics, 13: 79-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2010.08.003
Royal Society, 2007. Mushrooms in Thailand. Bangkok, Thailand, Royal Society, 272 p. [In Thai].
Salam A., Noguchi T., Pothitan R., 2006. Community forest management in Thailand: current situation and dynamics in the context of sustainable development. New Forests, 31: 273-291. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-005-7483-8
Sanoamuang N., 2010. Wild mushroom of Thailand: biodiversity and utilization. Khon Kaen, Department of Plant Science and Agricultural Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, 424 p. [In Thai].
Schulp C. J. E., Thuiller W., Verburg P. H., 2014. Wild food in Europe: a synthesis of knowledge and data of terrestrial wild food as an ecosystem service. Ecological Economics, 105: 292-305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2014.06.018
Sellato B., 2002. Non-timber forest products and trade in eastern Borneo. Bois et Forêts des Tropiques, 271 (1): 37-50.
Sikor T., He J., Lestrelin G., 2017. Property rights regimes and natural resources: a conceptual analysis revisited. World Development, 93: 337-349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.12.032
Sribandit W., 2007. Some ecological aspects and marketing of weaver ant (Oecophylla smaragdina F.). Master Thesis, Kasetsart University, Thailand. [In Thai].
Sribandit W., Wiwatwitaya D., Suksard S., Offenberg J., 2008. The importance of weaver ant (Oecophylla smaragdina Fabricius) harvest to a local community in northeastern Thailand. Asian Myrmecology, 2: 129-138. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-importance-of-weaver-ant-(Oecophylla-smaragdina-Sribandit-Wiwatwitaya/c144077a59b6361de3e717d1d5e4038985785733
Stevens D. L., 1997. Variable density grid-based sampling designs for continuous spatial populations. Environmetrics, 8: 167-195. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-095x(199705)8:3<167::aid-env239>3.0.co;2-d
Taylor B., Adedoyin S. F., 1978. The abundance and inter-specific relations of common ant species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on cocoa farms in western Nigeria. Cited in: Lokkers C., 1990. Colony dynamics of the green tree ant (Oecophylla smaragdina Fab.) in a seasonal tropical climate. Doctoral Thesis, James Cook University of North Queensland, Australia. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300007197
Tedersoo L., May T. W., Smith M. E., 2010. Ectomycorrhizal lifestyle in fungi: global diversity, distribution, and evolution of phylogenetic lineages. Mycorrhiza, 20: 217-263. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-009-0274-x
Tewari D. D., 2014. Is big business approach to managing non-timber forest products (NTFPs) benign? Rising unsustainable extraction and looming policy challenges. Journal of Human Ecology, 47 (1): 87-102. https://doi.org/10.1080/09709274.2014.11906741
Ticktin T., 2004. The ecological implications of harvesting non-timber forest products. Journal of Applied Ecology, 41: 11-21. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2004.00859.x
Van Itterbeeck J., Sivongxay N., Praxaysombath B., Van Huis A., 2014. Indigenous knowledge of the edible weaver ant Oecophylla smaragdina Fabricius Hymenoptera: Formicidae from the Vientiane Plain, Lao PDR. Society of Ethnobiology, Ethnobiology Letters, 5: 4-12. https://doi.org/10.14237/ebl.5.2014.4-12
Zhang Y., Geng W., Shen Y., Wang Y., Dai Y., 2014. Edible mushroom cultivation for food security and rural development in China: bio-innovation, technological dissemination and marketing. Sustainability, 6: 2961-2973. https://doi.org/10.3390/su6052961
Amprayn K., Keawduang M., Tangkoonboribun R., Tanpanich S., 2013. Growth enhancement of pak wanpa (Melientha suavis Pierre) by inoculating with plant growth-promoting microorganisms and incorporated sowing with agasta (Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Poir.). In: Proceedings of the 51st Kasetsart University Annual Conference, Bangkok, Thailand, 5-7 February 2013, 8-16. [In Thai]. http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=TH2017000232
Barnaud C., Trébuil G., Dumrongrojwatthana P., Marie J., 2008. Area study prior to Companion Modelling to integrate multiple interests in upper watershed management of northern Thailand. Southeast Asian Studies, 45 (4): 559-585. http://publications.cirad.fr/une_notice.php?dk=547244
Berg J. V. D., Wiersum K. F., Dijk H. V., 2007. The role and dynamics of community institutions in the management of NTFP resources. Forests, Trees and Livelihoods, 17: 183-197. https://doi.org/10.1080/14728028.2007.9752596
Boissière M., Mulcahy G., Sethaphal L., Beang L. C., 2013. Improving the management of commercial non-timber forest products in Cambodia for the benefit of local communities. Bois et Forêts des Tropiques, 317 (3): 21-34. https://doi.org/10.19182/bft2013.317.a20520
Chandrasrikul A., Suwanarit P., Sangwanit U., Morinaga T., Nishizawa Y., Murakami Y., 2008. Diversity of Mushrooms and Macrofungi in Thailand. Bangkok, Thailand, Kasetsart University Press, 514 p. [In Thai].
Chanopas M., Chanopas W., Jongjitvimol T., Chiangkool A., Sanpote P., 2006. Survey on macrofungi at Doi Wiang La Wildlife Sanctuary in Mae Hong Son Province. Naresuan University International Journal of Science, 2 (2): 175-181. [In Thai].
Charoenchai L., Settharaksa S., Songsak T., Ruangrungsi N., Kraisintu K., 2013. Phytochemical screening tests of Melientha suavis Pierre and Urobotyra siamensis Hiepko extracts. Bulletin of Health, Science and Technology, 11 (2): 13-20. https://www.rsu.ac.th/bhst/public/upload/journal/article/abstract/20141218FLP8update_3_p13-20_Laksana_Phytochemical%20Screening.pdf
Delang C. O., 2006. Not just minor forest products: the economic rationale for the consumption of wild food plants by subsistence farmers. Ecological Economics, 59: 64-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2005.10.006
Department of Provincial Administration, 2017. National population statistics. [In Thai]. http://stat.dopa.go.th/stat/statnew/upstat_age.php
Egli S., 2011. Mycorrhizal mushroom diversity and productivity–an indicator of forest health? Annals of Forest Science, 68: 81-88. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13595-010-0009-3
Gomontean B., Gajaseni J., Edwards-Jones G., Gajaseni N., 2008. The development of appropriate ecological criteria and indicators for community forest conservation using participatory methods: a case study in northeastern Thailand. Ecological Indicators, 8: 614-624. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2007.08.006
Górriz-Mifsud E., Govigli V. M., Bonet J. A., 2017. What to do with mushroom pickers in my forest? Policy tools from the landowners’ perspective. Land Use Policy, 63: 450-460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.02.003
Julapak P., Mankeb P., Mekhora T., Suwanmaneepong S., Chulilung P., 2016. Financial cost and benefit analysis of Pak-wan Pa (Melientha suavis Pierre) farming in Ban Mo district, Saraburi province, Thailand. International Journal of Agricultural Technology, 12 (7.2): 1845-1856. https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20173120224
Kabir E., Webb E. L., 2006. Saving a forest: the composition and structure of a deciduous forest under community management in northeast Thailand. Natural History Bulletin of the Siam Society, 54 (2): 239-260. http://umich.edu/~ifri/Publications/Kabir_and_Webb_SAVING_A_FOREST_final.pdf
Kaewnarin K., Suwannarach N., Kumla J., Lumyong S., 2016. Phenolic profile of various wild edible mushroom extracts from Thailand and their antioxidant properties, anti-tyrosinase and hyperglycaemic inhibitory activities. Journal of Functional Foods, 27: 352-364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2016.09.008
Karunarathna S. C., Yang Z. L., Zhao R., Vellinga E. C., Bahkali A. H., Chukeatirote E., et al., 2011. Three new species of Lentinus from northern Thailand. Mycological Progress, 10: 389-398. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-010-0701-6
Kullama P., Sinunta P., 2011. Edible wild mushrooms and price value in Nan. Thaksin University Journal, 14 (3): 65-75. [In Thai].
Lohbeck M., Bongers F., Martinez-Ramos M., Poorter L., 2016. The importance of biodiversity and dominance for multiple ecosystem functions in a human-modified tropical landscape. Ecology, 97 (10): 2772-2779. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.1499
Lokkers C., 1990. Colony dynamics of the green tree ant (Oecophylla smaragdina Fab.) in a seasonal tropical climate. Doctoral Thesis, James Cook University of North Queensland, Australia.
Martínez de Aragón J., Bonet J. A., Fischer C. R., Colinas C., 2007. Productivity of ectomycorrhizal and selected edible saprotrophic fungi in pine forests of the pre-Pyrenees mountains, Spain: predictive equations for forest management of mycological resources. Forest Ecology and Management, 252: 239-256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2007.06.040
Meteorological Department, 2019. Meteorological statistics at Nan Meteorology Station. [In Thai].
Mortimer P. E., Karunarathna S. C., Li Q., Gui H., Yang X., Yang X., et al., 2012. Prized edible Asian mushrooms: ecology, conservation and sustainability. Fungal Diversity, 56: 31-47. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-012-0196-3
Mukul S. A., Rashid A. Z. M. M., Uddin M. B., Khan N. A., 2016. Role of non-timber forest products in sustaining forest based livelihoods and rural households’ resilience capacity in and around protected area: a Bangladesh study. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 59 (4): 628-642. https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2015.1035774
Nantasen N., Panyain T., Thanatheerabunjong B., Klinchan P., Maruean I., Nongchang P., et al., 2005. Social collaboration for forest and water resource management at Lainan Sub-district, Wiang Sa District, Nan Province. Research Report for Locality, Thailand Research Fund, 168 p. [In Thai].
Offenberg J., 2011. Oecophylla smaragdina food conversion efficiency: prospects for ant farming. Journal of Applied Entomology, 135: 575-581. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0418.2010.01588.x
Offenberg J., Wiwatwitaya D., 2010. Sustainable weaver ant (Oecophylla smaragdina) farming: harvest yields and effects on worker ant density. Asian Myrmecology, 3: 55-62. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267237271_Sustainable_weaver_ant_Oecophylla_smaragdina_farming_Harvest_yields_and_effects_on_worker_ant_density
Pokharel R. K., Neupane P. R., Tiwari K. R., Köhl M., 2015. Assessing the sustainability in community based forestry: a case from Nepal. Forest Policy and Economics, 58: 75-84. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1389934114001932
Prathepha P., 2000. Detection of RAPD variation in a forest tree species, Melientha suavis Pierre (Opiliaceae) from Thailand. ScienceAsia, 26: 213-218.
Robinson E. J. Z., Lokina R. B., 2011. A spatial-temporal analysis of the impact of access restrictions on forest landscapes and household welfare in Tanzania. Forest Policy and Economics, 13: 79-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2010.08.003
Royal Society, 2007. Mushrooms in Thailand. Bangkok, Thailand, Royal Society, 272 p. [In Thai].
Salam A., Noguchi T., Pothitan R., 2006. Community forest management in Thailand: current situation and dynamics in the context of sustainable development. New Forests, 31: 273-291. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-005-7483-8
Sanoamuang N., 2010. Wild mushroom of Thailand: biodiversity and utilization. Khon Kaen, Department of Plant Science and Agricultural Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, 424 p. [In Thai].
Schulp C. J. E., Thuiller W., Verburg P. H., 2014. Wild food in Europe: a synthesis of knowledge and data of terrestrial wild food as an ecosystem service. Ecological Economics, 105: 292-305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2014.06.018
Sellato B., 2002. Non-timber forest products and trade in eastern Borneo. Bois et Forêts des Tropiques, 271 (1): 37-50.
Sikor T., He J., Lestrelin G., 2017. Property rights regimes and natural resources: a conceptual analysis revisited. World Development, 93: 337-349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.12.032
Sribandit W., 2007. Some ecological aspects and marketing of weaver ant (Oecophylla smaragdina F.). Master Thesis, Kasetsart University, Thailand. [In Thai].
Sribandit W., Wiwatwitaya D., Suksard S., Offenberg J., 2008. The importance of weaver ant (Oecophylla smaragdina Fabricius) harvest to a local community in northeastern Thailand. Asian Myrmecology, 2: 129-138. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-importance-of-weaver-ant-(Oecophylla-smaragdina-Sribandit-Wiwatwitaya/c144077a59b6361de3e717d1d5e4038985785733
Stevens D. L., 1997. Variable density grid-based sampling designs for continuous spatial populations. Environmetrics, 8: 167-195. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-095x(199705)8:3<167::aid-env239>3.0.co;2-d
Taylor B., Adedoyin S. F., 1978. The abundance and inter-specific relations of common ant species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on cocoa farms in western Nigeria. Cited in: Lokkers C., 1990. Colony dynamics of the green tree ant (Oecophylla smaragdina Fab.) in a seasonal tropical climate. Doctoral Thesis, James Cook University of North Queensland, Australia. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300007197
Tedersoo L., May T. W., Smith M. E., 2010. Ectomycorrhizal lifestyle in fungi: global diversity, distribution, and evolution of phylogenetic lineages. Mycorrhiza, 20: 217-263. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-009-0274-x
Tewari D. D., 2014. Is big business approach to managing non-timber forest products (NTFPs) benign? Rising unsustainable extraction and looming policy challenges. Journal of Human Ecology, 47 (1): 87-102. https://doi.org/10.1080/09709274.2014.11906741
Ticktin T., 2004. The ecological implications of harvesting non-timber forest products. Journal of Applied Ecology, 41: 11-21. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2004.00859.x
Van Itterbeeck J., Sivongxay N., Praxaysombath B., Van Huis A., 2014. Indigenous knowledge of the edible weaver ant Oecophylla smaragdina Fabricius Hymenoptera: Formicidae from the Vientiane Plain, Lao PDR. Society of Ethnobiology, Ethnobiology Letters, 5: 4-12. https://doi.org/10.14237/ebl.5.2014.4-12
Zhang Y., Geng W., Shen Y., Wang Y., Dai Y., 2014. Edible mushroom cultivation for food security and rural development in China: bio-innovation, technological dissemination and marketing. Sustainability, 6: 2961-2973. https://doi.org/10.3390/su6052961
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2020-02-17
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Wimolsakcharoen, W., Dumrongrojwatthana, P., & Trébuil, G. . (2020). Production of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) and diversity of harvesting practices and decision-making processes in northern Thailand’s community forests. BOIS & FORETS DES TROPIQUES, 343, 39–52. https://doi.org/10.19182/bft2020.343.a31845
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