Comparación de la resistencia a la descomposición de la madera de teca (Tectona grandis L.f.) de plantación y de crecimiento natural
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.19182/bft2023.358.a37246Palabras clave
Tectona grandis, duramen, durabilidad natural, resistencia a la descomposición, procedencia, madera de teca, plantación tropical, Indonesia, Myanmar.Resumen
La teca (Tectona grandis L.f.) es una de las especies de madera tropical más populares por su durabilidad natural. Se ensayó la resistencia a la descomposición (una componente importante de la durabilidad natural) de la albura, el duramen exterior, intermedio e interior y la médula de la teca de plantación de Indonesia y de la teca crecida naturalmente en Myanmar. Para ello se realizó un ensayo de descomposición acelerada según JIS Z 2101 (1994) utilizando un hongo de pudrición blanca (Trametes versicolor) y un hongo de pudrición parda (Fomitopsis palustris). Los bloques de madera de talla 20x20x10 mm se cortaron de discos a lo largo del radio del tronco. El porcentaje de pérdida de masa causada por la descomposición en cada bloque se obtuvo después de doce semanas de incubación con estos hongos. Las pérdidas de masa medias debidas a T. versicolor fueron respectivamente las siguientes para teca crecida en plantación, crecida naturalmente (nº 1), y crecida naturalmente (nº 2): albura 21,4 %, 7,1 %, “sin datos”; duramen exterior 0,6 %, 3,6 %, 6,6 %; duramen intermedio 2,3 %, 6,5 %, 5,7 %; duramen interno 10,3 %, 9,6 %, 6,0 %; médula 13,0 %, 15,3 %, 8,2 %. Las pérdidas debidas a F. palustris fueron, respectivamente: albura 7,5 %, 3,0 %, 7,5 %; duramen exterior 0,0 %, 2,5 %, 2,7 %; duramen intermedio 0,0 %, 2,2 %, 2,3 %; duramen interno 4,9 %, 2,0 %, 3,4 %; médula 13,6 %, 8,4 %, 8,0 %. La durabilidad fue clasificada en referencia a Osborne (1970), según el porcentaje medio de pérdida de peso del duramen causada por descomposición fúngica. Solamente el duramen externo e intermedio eran generalmente duraderos tanto en ejemplares de teca provenientes de plantación como en ejemplares de teca de crecimiento natural. El duramen interno era moderadamente duradero, pero la durabilidad de la médula era baja. No se encontraron diferencias claras entre la resistencia a la descomposición de la teca proveniente de plantación o crecida naturalmente.
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