TRANSITIONS ALÉATOIRES ET SYSTÉMATIQUES DANS L’UTILISATION ET LA COUVERTURE DES TERRES DANS LE NORD-EST DU WOLLEGA EN ÉTHIOPIE
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.19182/bft2017.332.a31329Mots-clés
déprise agricole, déforestation, repousse forestière, sécurité foncière, intensification durable, Ethiopie.Résumé
Des changements importants dans l’utili- sation et la couverture des terres se pro- duisent en Afrique à différentes échelles. Ces changements comprennent la défo- restation suivie de la mise en culture des terres, de leur conversion en prairies ou leur urbanisation. Le présent article rend compte des travaux entrepris pour analyser les changements d’utilisation des terres dans le nord-est du Wollega (Éthiopie) entre 2005 et 2015. L’ana- lyse a porté sur des transitions systéma- tiques ou aléatoires, en identifiant les principaux facteurs de changement. Des données Landsat pour la période 2005 à 2015 ont été analysées pour mieux cerner les différentes dimensions des transitions : échanges, pertes, gains, per- sistance et vulnérabilité. Nos résultats indiquent les gains les plus importants pour les formations arbustives (22 %), avec un rapport gain/pertes de 63 %, un rapport gain/persistance de 47 % et un rapport net positif de 46 % pour le facteur changement/persistance. Les terres agri- coles reculent le plus (19 %) alors que les prairies restent le type de végétation le plus stable, malgré quelques fluctuations (» 10 %) observées pendant la décennie étudiée. La transition est dominée par des processus systématiques, avec peu de processus aléatoires. Les transitions systématiques comme la déprise agricole ou la repousse forestière sont attribuées à des processus d’évolution réguliers ou communs. Cette étude indique que la mise en place de pratiques aptes à favoriser une intensification durable de l’agriculture existante, avec l’appui de politiques de diversification de l’agricul- ture éthiopienne, permettrait de réduire la pression sur les forêts en évitant leur conversion future en terres agricoles.
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