A global review of Cryptosporidium spp. in pigeons with an emphasis on the One-Health concept
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.19182/remvt.37637Keywords
Pigeons, Cryptosporidium, zoonoses, One Health approach, epidemiology, public healthAbstract
Background: The pigeon (Columba livia) is a domesticated bird species that frequently comes into contact with humans. Pigeons harbour and disseminate numerous zoonotic pathogens, including apicomplexan parasites from the genus Cryptosporidium, a common protist parasite of vertebrates. Pigeon populations have increased in urban and peri-urban areas in recent years, which may pose a public health risk. Aim: A systematic review was conducted to examine the presence and prevalence of Cryptosporidium in pigeons worldwide. Methods: The PubMed database was screened for relevant articles between the 1st January and the 1st August 2024. A total of 38 publications were included in this review. Results: Cryptosporidium infection in pigeons was first reported in Turkey in 1994, with clinical symptoms including depression, emaciation, inactivity, diarrhoea and feather ruffling. Histological examination revealed the presence of Cryptosporidium in the intestinal epithelium. Subsequent studies have confirmed the prevalence of
Cryptosporidium worldwide. Traditional diagnostic methods revealed an average prevalence of 14.8%, while molecular tools indicated a higher prevalence (28.4%). The highest rates were observed in Iraq, where captive pigeons were found to be more commonly infected than wild birds. Molecular data, though limited, suggest that domestic pigeons also harbour more diverse Cryptosporidium spp. than wild pigeons. C. meleagridis, C. parvum and C. hominis were the main zoonotic species identified in pigeons globally. Microscopic analysis showed variation in infection intensity, with oocyst counts ranging from 3,000 to 36,000 per gram of faeces. Many genotypes of Cryptosporidium spp. are considered zoonotic, with known cases of human infection in pigeon handlers. Therefore, it has public health implications. Conclusions: Further studies are needed to clarify the pathogenicity and transmission routes of Cryptosporidium spp. in pigeons. Prevention and control of this zoonosis in pigeons should be a public health priority, particularly in regions with large pigeon populations, such as urban areas where they live in close contact with humans and other animals.
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