Una revisión global de Cryptosporidium spp. en palomas centrada en el concepto « Una sola salud »
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.19182/remvt.37637Palabras clave
Paloma, Cryptosporidium, zoonosis, enfoque Una salud, epidemiología, salud públicaResumen
Contexto: La paloma (Columba livia) es una especie de ave doméstica que entra frecuentemente en contacto con los humanos. Las palomas albergan y diseminan numerosos patógenos zoonóticos, especialmente parásitos apicomplejos del género Cryptosporidium, un parásito protista común en los vertebrados. Estos últimos años, las poblaciones de palomas han aumentado en las zonas urbanas y periurbanas, lo que puede constituir un riesgo para la salud pública. Objetivo: Se realizó una revisión sistemática para examinar la presencia y la prevalencia de Cryptosporidium en las palomas a escala mundial. Métodos: Los artículos publicados se obtuvieron en la base de datos PubMed, que cubre el período del 1 de enero de 1994 al 1 de agosto de 2024. En total, se incluyeron 38 publicaciones en esta revisión. Resultados: La infección de Cryptosporidium en las palomas se señaló por primera vez en Turquía el 1994, con síntomas clínicos que comprendían depresión, inactividad, diarrea y plumaje picado. El examen histológico reveló la presencia de Cryptosporidium en el epitelio intestinal. Estudios posteriores confirmaron la prevalencia de Cryptosporidium a escala mundial, con métodos de diagnóstico tradicionales que revelaron una prevalencia media del 14,8 %, mientras que las herramientas moleculares mostraron una prevalencia más elevada (28,4 %). Las tasas más elevadas se observaron en Irak, donde las palomas cautivas estaban infectadas con más frecuencia que las palomas salvajes. Los datos moleculares, aunque limitados, sugieren una mayor diversidad en las palomas domésticas que en las palomas salvajes. C. meleagridis, C. parvum y C. hominis son las principales especies zoonóticas identificadas en las palomas a escala mundial. El análisis microscópico mostró variaciones en la intensidad de la infección, con una tasa de oocistos que va de 3 000 a 36 000 por gramo de heces. Numerosos genotipos de Cryptosporidium spp. se consideran zoonóticos, con casos conocidos de infección humana en personas que manipulan palomas, lo que muestra su pertinencia para la salud pública. Conclusiones: Se necesitan estudios suplementarios para clarificar la patogenicidad y las vías de transmisión de Cryptosporidium spp. en las palomas. La prevención y el control de esta zoonosis en las palomas debería constituir una prioridad de salud pública, en particular, en las regiones donde las poblaciones de palomas son importantes, como las zonas urbanas donde viven en estrecho contacto con los humanos y otros animales.
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