Le stress thermique environnemental dans l’espèce bovine : 4. Moyens de lutte
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.19182/remvt.37495Mots-clés
Bovin, stress thermique, conduite d’élevage, alimentation, logement des animaux, sélectionRésumé
Contexte : Le stress thermique a un impact significatif sur le bien-être des animaux d’élevage, affectant leur santé physique ainsi que des paramètres zootechniques tels que la productivité et le rendement, ce qui a des conséquences directes sur la rentabilité des exploitations. De nombreuses recherches sont menées dans le but d’évaluer et d’améliorer les méthodes de lutte contre le stress thermique. Objectifs : Cette revue de littérature récapitule les méthodes de lutte contre le stress thermique. Celles-ci peuvent être regroupées en quatre catégories, qui sont l’amélioration de l’environnement physique des animaux, la gestion de l’alimentation, l’approche par sélection génétique et la gestion de la reproduction. Méthode : Cette revue de littérature s’est d’abord appuyée sur des articles de synthèse issus de la base PubMed, puis a été enrichie par l’examen des références citées dans ces articles. Résultats : Il n’existe pas de solution unique pour atténuer les effets d’un stress thermique chez les animaux. Au contraire, les diverses solutions apparaissent comme étant complémentaires et doivent être choisies en fonction du contexte de l’élevage. La première méthode de lutte se concentre sur des adaptations de l’environnement des animaux ciblant la ventilation, le choix des matériaux de construction, et les systèmes de refroidissement. La deuxième méthode de lutte vise une gestion plus rigoureuse de l’alimentation. La troisième méthode de lutte repose sur plusieurs approches complémentaires : la sélection génétique factorielle, la sélection génomique, ainsi que le croisement et l’hybridation. Enfin, la quatrième catégorie de solutions explore l’utilisation des biotechnologies de la reproduction et des traitements hormonaux. Conclusions : La recommandation principale est de combiner plusieurs méthodes, en privilégiant les adaptations environnementales et nutritionnelles, tout en intégrant progressivement une stratégie de sélection génétique adaptée à chaque système d’élevage.
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