Le stress thermique environnemental dans l’espèce bovine : 3. Effets sur la reproduction
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.19182/remvt.37381Mots-clés
Bovin, stress thermique, cycle oestral, fertilité, gestation, spermatogénèseRésumé
Contexte : L’augmentation régulière depuis plusieurs décennies de la température environnementale s’est accompagnée dans l’espèce bovine, notamment d’une diminution de la fertilité dans différentes régions du monde. Objectifs : Cette revue de littérature passe en revue les divers effets et leurs mécanismes sur les divers aspects de la reproduction du mâle et de la femelle bovine. Méthode : À partir de la base PubMed, cette revue de littérature s’est concentrée dans un premier temps sur les articles de synthèse puis a été complétée par les références des articles identifiés. Résultats : La diminution de la fertilité résulte des effets du stress thermique sur la croissance folliculaire ovarienne, avec une incidence plus marquée sur les follicules pré-antraux que sur les follicules antraux, l’ovocyte et le corps jaune. Ces effets sont la conséquence d’une réduction de la synthèse d’oestradiol, de la progestérone, de l’inhibine et de l’hormone lutéotrope (LH) ainsi que de l’augmentation de celle de l’hormone folliculostimulante (FSH), une modification des gradients de température au niveau du système génital n’étant pas non plus à exclure. Le stress thermique est également responsable d’une augmentation de la fréquence de la mortalité embryonnaire particulièrement durant la première semaine de la gestation. L’exposition des vaches à un stress thermique durant la gestation en raccourcit la durée, affecte le placenta, modifie le métabolisme de la vache lors de sa lactation, altère son immunité et exerce des effets négatifs sur la croissance pondérale, le développement mammaire et folliculaire, la longévité et les performances de reproduction du veau. Chez le mâle, le stress thermique se traduit par une réduction de la motilité et une augmentation des anomalies morphologiques des spermatozoïdes. Conclusions : La reconnaissance croissante des effets du stress thermique sur les performances reproductives de bovins souligne la nécessité pour les responsables de la santé animale de les intégrer dans leurs approches. Il est essentiel de mettre en place des stratégies visant à en atténuer les impacts sur la rentabilité des élevages, d’autant plus que son influence épigénétique sur les performances de la descendance est de mieux en mieux documentée.
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