Demographic parameters and profitability of sheep farming in the Chaouia rainfed plain (central western Morocco)

Abstract

Background: This study explores the demographic and economic parameters of sheep farming in the semi-arid cereal plain of Chaouia, Morocco, which is severely impacted by climate change and heightened input price volatility. Aim: It aims to characterize the technical and economic performance of sheep farming in the region across different production systems: breeder farms (40) and breeder-finisher farms (12). Methods: The study is based on the determination of demographic parameters using the “12 MO” method, combined with an analysis of farm profitability. Results: Breeder farms, with an average agricultural area of 14ha, exhibit a higher forage self-sufficiency rate (58%) than breeder-finisher farms (49% on 128ha). This higher self-sufficiency contributes to a better average profitability per ewe unit (68€ vs. 44€). However, economic vulnerability is widespread, particularly among breeder-finisher farms, which rely heavily on purchased inputs and hired labor. Feed costs represent up to 87% of total expenses, jeopardizing overall profitability, especially during recurrent droughts or when concentrate prices rise. In terms of demographic performance, lambing rates (113%), prolificacy (138%), and mortality (1%) remain satisfactory despite several constraints, such as feed insufficiency and suboptimal management practices. Breeder farms adopt a strategy of early lamb sales to reduce animal maintenance costs, whereas breeder-finisher farms extend the production cycle, increasing their exposure to market fluctuations. Conclusions: Sheep farming systems, in their diversity, are essential for food security and the sustainable management of natural resources, yet remain vulnerable to climatic hazards, input price volatility, and high labor costs. Ensuring their long-term viability requires overcoming these constraints while enhancing their multiple roles in semi-arid regions.