Une revue mondiale sur Cryptosporidium spp. chez les pigeons avec un accent sur le concept de « One Health » (Une seule santé)
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.19182/remvt.37637Mots-clés
Pigeon, Cryptosporidium, zoonose, approche Une seule santé, épidémiologie, santé publiqueRésumé
Contexte : Le pigeon (Columba livia) est une espèce d’oiseau domestique qui entre fréquemment en contact avec les humains. Les pigeons hébergent et disséminent de nombreux pathogènes zoonotiques, notamment des parasites apicomplexes du genre Cryptosporidium, un parasite protiste commun des vertébrés. Ces dernières années, les populations de pigeons ont augmenté dans les zones urbaines et périurbaines, ce qui peut constituer un risque pour la santé publique. Objectif : Une revue systématique a été réalisée pour examiner la présence et la prévalence de Cryptosporidium chez les pigeons à l’échelle mondiale. Méthodes : Les articles publiés ont été obtenus dans la base de données PubMed, couvrant la période du 1er janvier 1994 au 1er août 2024. Au total, 38 publications ont été incluses dans cette revue. Résultats : L’infection à Cryptosporidium chez les pigeons a été signalée pour la première fois en Turquie en 1994, avec des symptômes cliniques comprenant la dépression, l’inactivité, la diarrhée et le plumage piqué. L’examen histologique a révélé la présence de Cryptosporidium dans l’épithélium intestinal. Des études ultérieures ont confirmé la prévalence de Cryptosporidium à l’échelle mondiale, avec des méthodes de diagnostic traditionnelles révélant une prévalence moyenne de 14,8 %, tandis que les outils moléculaires ont montré une prévalence plus élevée (28,4 %). Les taux les plus élevés ont été observés en Irak, les pigeons captifs étant plus fréquemment infectés que les pigeons sauvages. Les données moléculaires, bien que limitées, suggèrent une plus grande diversité chez les pigeons domestiques que chez les pigeons sauvages. C. meleagridis, C. parvum et C. hominis étaient les principales espèces zoonotiques identifiées chez les pigeons à l’échelle mondiale. L’analyse microscopique a montré des variations dans l’intensité de l’infection, avec un taux d’oocystes allant de 3 000 à 36 000 par gramme de fèces. De nombreux génotypes de Cryptosporidium spp. sont considérés comme zoonotiques, avec des cas connus d’infection humaine chez des personnes manipulant des pigeons, soulignant sa pertinence pour la santé publique. Conclusions : Des études supplémentaires sont nécessaires pour clarifier la pathogénicité et les voies de transmission de Cryptosporidium spp. chez les pigeons. La prévention et le contrôle de cette zoonose chez les pigeons devraient constituer une priorité de santé publique, en particulier dans les régions où les populations de pigeons sont importantes, telles que les zones urbaines où ils vivent en contact étroit avec les humains et d’autres animaux.
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