Production de produits forestiers non ligneux et diversité des pratiques de récolte et des processus décisionnels des exploitants dans les forêts communautaires du nord de la Thaïlande
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.19182/bft2020.343.a31845Mots-clés
Melientha suavis, Oecophylla smaragdina, champignons comestibles, cueillette, produits forestiers non ligneux, fourmi tisserande, cueilleur de champignons sauvages, ThaïlandeRésumé
Les recherches antérieures sur la foresterie communautaire en Thaïlande se sont principalement concentrées sur les dimensions institutionnelles. Par conséquent, les connaissances intégrées sur la production de produits forestiers non ligneux, les pratiques des exploitants et les processus de prise de décision sont encore limitées, particulièrement en ce qui concerne la foresterie communautaire. Une enquête a été réalisée pour estimer la production de produits forestiers non ligneux et pour caractériser la diversité des pratiques des exploitants et des processus de prise de décision dans les forêts communautaires du nord de la Thaïlande. Des enquêtes sur le terrain ont été menées une fois par mois pendant 12 mois dans sept forêts communautaires du sous-district de Lainan, dans la province de Nan, en utilisant une technique d'échantillonnage basée sur une grille. La production et la productivité des principaux produits forestiers non ligneux ont été calculées en fonction du poids frais total. Des entrevues individuelles approfondies ont été menées auprès de 231 cueilleurs locaux afin de comprendre les pratiques de récolte des produits forestiers non ligneux et les processus décisionnels. Les jeunes pousses de Melientha suavis, les couvées royales d'Oecophylla smaragdina et les champignons comestibles se sont avérés être les trois principaux produits forestiers non ligneux collectés, avec une productivité respectivement de 2, 12 et 2 kg/ha/an. Les pratiques de récolte des exploitants ont été caractérisées comme étant appliquées par (A) les villageois sans terre, (B) les petits et moyens propriétaires terriens, (C) les grands propriétaires terriens, et (D) les étrangers. Les pêcheurs locaux ont présenté différents processus de prise de décision en matière d'exploitation des ressources, selon la période d'occurrence des ressources, la durée de l'exploitation et la quantité récoltée. Les données quantitatives sur la productivité des ressources et la connaissance des pratiques de récolte et des processus décisionnels des exploitants alimenteront un processus participatif de gestion des ressources pour appuyer les échanges de connaissances entre les intervenants locaux et pour explorer des scénarios de règles d'accès appropriées, afin d'améliorer la durabilité de la récolte des produits forestiers non ligneux.
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<b>References</b>
Amprayn K., Keawduang M., Tangkoonboribun R., Tanpanich S., 2013. Growth enhancement of pak wanpa (Melientha suavis Pierre) by inoculating with plant growth-promoting microorganisms and incorporated sowing with agasta (Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Poir.). In: Proceedings of the 51st Kasetsart University Annual Conference, Bangkok, Thailand, 5-7 February 2013, 8-16. [In Thai]. http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=TH2017000232
Barnaud C., Trébuil G., Dumrongrojwatthana P., Marie J., 2008. Area study prior to Companion Modelling to integrate multiple interests in upper watershed management of northern Thailand. Southeast Asian Studies, 45 (4): 559-585. http://publications.cirad.fr/une_notice.php?dk=547244
Berg J. V. D., Wiersum K. F., Dijk H. V., 2007. The role and dynamics of community institutions in the management of NTFP resources. Forests, Trees and Livelihoods, 17: 183-197. https://doi.org/10.1080/14728028.2007.9752596
Boissière M., Mulcahy G., Sethaphal L., Beang L. C., 2013. Improving the management of commercial non-timber forest products in Cambodia for the benefit of local communities. Bois et Forêts des Tropiques, 317 (3): 21-34. https://doi.org/10.19182/bft2013.317.a20520
Chandrasrikul A., Suwanarit P., Sangwanit U., Morinaga T., Nishizawa Y., Murakami Y., 2008. Diversity of Mushrooms and Macrofungi in Thailand. Bangkok, Thailand, Kasetsart University Press, 514 p. [In Thai].
Chanopas M., Chanopas W., Jongjitvimol T., Chiangkool A., Sanpote P., 2006. Survey on macrofungi at Doi Wiang La Wildlife Sanctuary in Mae Hong Son Province. Naresuan University International Journal of Science, 2 (2): 175-181. [In Thai].
Charoenchai L., Settharaksa S., Songsak T., Ruangrungsi N., Kraisintu K., 2013. Phytochemical screening tests of Melientha suavis Pierre and Urobotyra siamensis Hiepko extracts. Bulletin of Health, Science and Technology, 11 (2): 13-20. https://www.rsu.ac.th/bhst/public/upload/journal/article/abstract/20141218FLP8update_3_p13-20_Laksana_Phytochemical%20Screening.pdf
Delang C. O., 2006. Not just minor forest products: the economic rationale for the consumption of wild food plants by subsistence farmers. Ecological Economics, 59: 64-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2005.10.006
Department of Provincial Administration, 2017. National population statistics. [In Thai]. http://stat.dopa.go.th/stat/statnew/upstat_age.php
Egli S., 2011. Mycorrhizal mushroom diversity and productivity–an indicator of forest health? Annals of Forest Science, 68: 81-88. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13595-010-0009-3
Gomontean B., Gajaseni J., Edwards-Jones G., Gajaseni N., 2008. The development of appropriate ecological criteria and indicators for community forest conservation using participatory methods: a case study in northeastern Thailand. Ecological Indicators, 8: 614-624. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2007.08.006
Górriz-Mifsud E., Govigli V. M., Bonet J. A., 2017. What to do with mushroom pickers in my forest? Policy tools from the landowners’ perspective. Land Use Policy, 63: 450-460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.02.003
Julapak P., Mankeb P., Mekhora T., Suwanmaneepong S., Chulilung P., 2016. Financial cost and benefit analysis of Pak-wan Pa (Melientha suavis Pierre) farming in Ban Mo district, Saraburi province, Thailand. International Journal of Agricultural Technology, 12 (7.2): 1845-1856. https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20173120224
Kabir E., Webb E. L., 2006. Saving a forest: the composition and structure of a deciduous forest under community management in northeast Thailand. Natural History Bulletin of the Siam Society, 54 (2): 239-260. http://umich.edu/~ifri/Publications/Kabir_and_Webb_SAVING_A_FOREST_final.pdf
Kaewnarin K., Suwannarach N., Kumla J., Lumyong S., 2016. Phenolic profile of various wild edible mushroom extracts from Thailand and their antioxidant properties, anti-tyrosinase and hyperglycaemic inhibitory activities. Journal of Functional Foods, 27: 352-364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2016.09.008
Karunarathna S. C., Yang Z. L., Zhao R., Vellinga E. C., Bahkali A. H., Chukeatirote E., et al., 2011. Three new species of Lentinus from northern Thailand. Mycological Progress, 10: 389-398. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-010-0701-6
Kullama P., Sinunta P., 2011. Edible wild mushrooms and price value in Nan. Thaksin University Journal, 14 (3): 65-75. [In Thai].
Lohbeck M., Bongers F., Martinez-Ramos M., Poorter L., 2016. The importance of biodiversity and dominance for multiple ecosystem functions in a human-modified tropical landscape. Ecology, 97 (10): 2772-2779. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.1499
Lokkers C., 1990. Colony dynamics of the green tree ant (Oecophylla smaragdina Fab.) in a seasonal tropical climate. Doctoral Thesis, James Cook University of North Queensland, Australia.
Martínez de Aragón J., Bonet J. A., Fischer C. R., Colinas C., 2007. Productivity of ectomycorrhizal and selected edible saprotrophic fungi in pine forests of the pre-Pyrenees mountains, Spain: predictive equations for forest management of mycological resources. Forest Ecology and Management, 252: 239-256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2007.06.040
Meteorological Department, 2019. Meteorological statistics at Nan Meteorology Station. [In Thai].
Mortimer P. E., Karunarathna S. C., Li Q., Gui H., Yang X., Yang X., et al., 2012. Prized edible Asian mushrooms: ecology, conservation and sustainability. Fungal Diversity, 56: 31-47. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-012-0196-3
Mukul S. A., Rashid A. Z. M. M., Uddin M. B., Khan N. A., 2016. Role of non-timber forest products in sustaining forest based livelihoods and rural households’ resilience capacity in and around protected area: a Bangladesh study. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 59 (4): 628-642. https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2015.1035774
Nantasen N., Panyain T., Thanatheerabunjong B., Klinchan P., Maruean I., Nongchang P., et al., 2005. Social collaboration for forest and water resource management at Lainan Sub-district, Wiang Sa District, Nan Province. Research Report for Locality, Thailand Research Fund, 168 p. [In Thai].
Offenberg J., 2011. Oecophylla smaragdina food conversion efficiency: prospects for ant farming. Journal of Applied Entomology, 135: 575-581. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0418.2010.01588.x
Offenberg J., Wiwatwitaya D., 2010. Sustainable weaver ant (Oecophylla smaragdina) farming: harvest yields and effects on worker ant density. Asian Myrmecology, 3: 55-62. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267237271_Sustainable_weaver_ant_Oecophylla_smaragdina_farming_Harvest_yields_and_effects_on_worker_ant_density
Pokharel R. K., Neupane P. R., Tiwari K. R., Köhl M., 2015. Assessing the sustainability in community based forestry: a case from Nepal. Forest Policy and Economics, 58: 75-84. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1389934114001932
Prathepha P., 2000. Detection of RAPD variation in a forest tree species, Melientha suavis Pierre (Opiliaceae) from Thailand. ScienceAsia, 26: 213-218.
Robinson E. J. Z., Lokina R. B., 2011. A spatial-temporal analysis of the impact of access restrictions on forest landscapes and household welfare in Tanzania. Forest Policy and Economics, 13: 79-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2010.08.003
Royal Society, 2007. Mushrooms in Thailand. Bangkok, Thailand, Royal Society, 272 p. [In Thai].
Salam A., Noguchi T., Pothitan R., 2006. Community forest management in Thailand: current situation and dynamics in the context of sustainable development. New Forests, 31: 273-291. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-005-7483-8
Sanoamuang N., 2010. Wild mushroom of Thailand: biodiversity and utilization. Khon Kaen, Department of Plant Science and Agricultural Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, 424 p. [In Thai].
Schulp C. J. E., Thuiller W., Verburg P. H., 2014. Wild food in Europe: a synthesis of knowledge and data of terrestrial wild food as an ecosystem service. Ecological Economics, 105: 292-305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2014.06.018
Sellato B., 2002. Non-timber forest products and trade in eastern Borneo. Bois et Forêts des Tropiques, 271 (1): 37-50.
Sikor T., He J., Lestrelin G., 2017. Property rights regimes and natural resources: a conceptual analysis revisited. World Development, 93: 337-349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.12.032
Sribandit W., 2007. Some ecological aspects and marketing of weaver ant (Oecophylla smaragdina F.). Master Thesis, Kasetsart University, Thailand. [In Thai].
Sribandit W., Wiwatwitaya D., Suksard S., Offenberg J., 2008. The importance of weaver ant (Oecophylla smaragdina Fabricius) harvest to a local community in northeastern Thailand. Asian Myrmecology, 2: 129-138. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-importance-of-weaver-ant-(Oecophylla-smaragdina-Sribandit-Wiwatwitaya/c144077a59b6361de3e717d1d5e4038985785733
Stevens D. L., 1997. Variable density grid-based sampling designs for continuous spatial populations. Environmetrics, 8: 167-195. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-095x(199705)8:3<167::aid-env239>3.0.co;2-d
Taylor B., Adedoyin S. F., 1978. The abundance and inter-specific relations of common ant species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on cocoa farms in western Nigeria. Cited in: Lokkers C., 1990. Colony dynamics of the green tree ant (Oecophylla smaragdina Fab.) in a seasonal tropical climate. Doctoral Thesis, James Cook University of North Queensland, Australia. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300007197
Tedersoo L., May T. W., Smith M. E., 2010. Ectomycorrhizal lifestyle in fungi: global diversity, distribution, and evolution of phylogenetic lineages. Mycorrhiza, 20: 217-263. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-009-0274-x
Tewari D. D., 2014. Is big business approach to managing non-timber forest products (NTFPs) benign? Rising unsustainable extraction and looming policy challenges. Journal of Human Ecology, 47 (1): 87-102. https://doi.org/10.1080/09709274.2014.11906741
Ticktin T., 2004. The ecological implications of harvesting non-timber forest products. Journal of Applied Ecology, 41: 11-21. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2004.00859.x
Van Itterbeeck J., Sivongxay N., Praxaysombath B., Van Huis A., 2014. Indigenous knowledge of the edible weaver ant Oecophylla smaragdina Fabricius Hymenoptera: Formicidae from the Vientiane Plain, Lao PDR. Society of Ethnobiology, Ethnobiology Letters, 5: 4-12. https://doi.org/10.14237/ebl.5.2014.4-12
Zhang Y., Geng W., Shen Y., Wang Y., Dai Y., 2014. Edible mushroom cultivation for food security and rural development in China: bio-innovation, technological dissemination and marketing. Sustainability, 6: 2961-2973. https://doi.org/10.3390/su6052961
Amprayn K., Keawduang M., Tangkoonboribun R., Tanpanich S., 2013. Growth enhancement of pak wanpa (Melientha suavis Pierre) by inoculating with plant growth-promoting microorganisms and incorporated sowing with agasta (Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Poir.). In: Proceedings of the 51st Kasetsart University Annual Conference, Bangkok, Thailand, 5-7 February 2013, 8-16. [In Thai]. http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=TH2017000232
Barnaud C., Trébuil G., Dumrongrojwatthana P., Marie J., 2008. Area study prior to Companion Modelling to integrate multiple interests in upper watershed management of northern Thailand. Southeast Asian Studies, 45 (4): 559-585. http://publications.cirad.fr/une_notice.php?dk=547244
Berg J. V. D., Wiersum K. F., Dijk H. V., 2007. The role and dynamics of community institutions in the management of NTFP resources. Forests, Trees and Livelihoods, 17: 183-197. https://doi.org/10.1080/14728028.2007.9752596
Boissière M., Mulcahy G., Sethaphal L., Beang L. C., 2013. Improving the management of commercial non-timber forest products in Cambodia for the benefit of local communities. Bois et Forêts des Tropiques, 317 (3): 21-34. https://doi.org/10.19182/bft2013.317.a20520
Chandrasrikul A., Suwanarit P., Sangwanit U., Morinaga T., Nishizawa Y., Murakami Y., 2008. Diversity of Mushrooms and Macrofungi in Thailand. Bangkok, Thailand, Kasetsart University Press, 514 p. [In Thai].
Chanopas M., Chanopas W., Jongjitvimol T., Chiangkool A., Sanpote P., 2006. Survey on macrofungi at Doi Wiang La Wildlife Sanctuary in Mae Hong Son Province. Naresuan University International Journal of Science, 2 (2): 175-181. [In Thai].
Charoenchai L., Settharaksa S., Songsak T., Ruangrungsi N., Kraisintu K., 2013. Phytochemical screening tests of Melientha suavis Pierre and Urobotyra siamensis Hiepko extracts. Bulletin of Health, Science and Technology, 11 (2): 13-20. https://www.rsu.ac.th/bhst/public/upload/journal/article/abstract/20141218FLP8update_3_p13-20_Laksana_Phytochemical%20Screening.pdf
Delang C. O., 2006. Not just minor forest products: the economic rationale for the consumption of wild food plants by subsistence farmers. Ecological Economics, 59: 64-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2005.10.006
Department of Provincial Administration, 2017. National population statistics. [In Thai]. http://stat.dopa.go.th/stat/statnew/upstat_age.php
Egli S., 2011. Mycorrhizal mushroom diversity and productivity–an indicator of forest health? Annals of Forest Science, 68: 81-88. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13595-010-0009-3
Gomontean B., Gajaseni J., Edwards-Jones G., Gajaseni N., 2008. The development of appropriate ecological criteria and indicators for community forest conservation using participatory methods: a case study in northeastern Thailand. Ecological Indicators, 8: 614-624. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2007.08.006
Górriz-Mifsud E., Govigli V. M., Bonet J. A., 2017. What to do with mushroom pickers in my forest? Policy tools from the landowners’ perspective. Land Use Policy, 63: 450-460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.02.003
Julapak P., Mankeb P., Mekhora T., Suwanmaneepong S., Chulilung P., 2016. Financial cost and benefit analysis of Pak-wan Pa (Melientha suavis Pierre) farming in Ban Mo district, Saraburi province, Thailand. International Journal of Agricultural Technology, 12 (7.2): 1845-1856. https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20173120224
Kabir E., Webb E. L., 2006. Saving a forest: the composition and structure of a deciduous forest under community management in northeast Thailand. Natural History Bulletin of the Siam Society, 54 (2): 239-260. http://umich.edu/~ifri/Publications/Kabir_and_Webb_SAVING_A_FOREST_final.pdf
Kaewnarin K., Suwannarach N., Kumla J., Lumyong S., 2016. Phenolic profile of various wild edible mushroom extracts from Thailand and their antioxidant properties, anti-tyrosinase and hyperglycaemic inhibitory activities. Journal of Functional Foods, 27: 352-364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2016.09.008
Karunarathna S. C., Yang Z. L., Zhao R., Vellinga E. C., Bahkali A. H., Chukeatirote E., et al., 2011. Three new species of Lentinus from northern Thailand. Mycological Progress, 10: 389-398. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-010-0701-6
Kullama P., Sinunta P., 2011. Edible wild mushrooms and price value in Nan. Thaksin University Journal, 14 (3): 65-75. [In Thai].
Lohbeck M., Bongers F., Martinez-Ramos M., Poorter L., 2016. The importance of biodiversity and dominance for multiple ecosystem functions in a human-modified tropical landscape. Ecology, 97 (10): 2772-2779. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.1499
Lokkers C., 1990. Colony dynamics of the green tree ant (Oecophylla smaragdina Fab.) in a seasonal tropical climate. Doctoral Thesis, James Cook University of North Queensland, Australia.
Martínez de Aragón J., Bonet J. A., Fischer C. R., Colinas C., 2007. Productivity of ectomycorrhizal and selected edible saprotrophic fungi in pine forests of the pre-Pyrenees mountains, Spain: predictive equations for forest management of mycological resources. Forest Ecology and Management, 252: 239-256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2007.06.040
Meteorological Department, 2019. Meteorological statistics at Nan Meteorology Station. [In Thai].
Mortimer P. E., Karunarathna S. C., Li Q., Gui H., Yang X., Yang X., et al., 2012. Prized edible Asian mushrooms: ecology, conservation and sustainability. Fungal Diversity, 56: 31-47. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-012-0196-3
Mukul S. A., Rashid A. Z. M. M., Uddin M. B., Khan N. A., 2016. Role of non-timber forest products in sustaining forest based livelihoods and rural households’ resilience capacity in and around protected area: a Bangladesh study. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 59 (4): 628-642. https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2015.1035774
Nantasen N., Panyain T., Thanatheerabunjong B., Klinchan P., Maruean I., Nongchang P., et al., 2005. Social collaboration for forest and water resource management at Lainan Sub-district, Wiang Sa District, Nan Province. Research Report for Locality, Thailand Research Fund, 168 p. [In Thai].
Offenberg J., 2011. Oecophylla smaragdina food conversion efficiency: prospects for ant farming. Journal of Applied Entomology, 135: 575-581. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0418.2010.01588.x
Offenberg J., Wiwatwitaya D., 2010. Sustainable weaver ant (Oecophylla smaragdina) farming: harvest yields and effects on worker ant density. Asian Myrmecology, 3: 55-62. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267237271_Sustainable_weaver_ant_Oecophylla_smaragdina_farming_Harvest_yields_and_effects_on_worker_ant_density
Pokharel R. K., Neupane P. R., Tiwari K. R., Köhl M., 2015. Assessing the sustainability in community based forestry: a case from Nepal. Forest Policy and Economics, 58: 75-84. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1389934114001932
Prathepha P., 2000. Detection of RAPD variation in a forest tree species, Melientha suavis Pierre (Opiliaceae) from Thailand. ScienceAsia, 26: 213-218.
Robinson E. J. Z., Lokina R. B., 2011. A spatial-temporal analysis of the impact of access restrictions on forest landscapes and household welfare in Tanzania. Forest Policy and Economics, 13: 79-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2010.08.003
Royal Society, 2007. Mushrooms in Thailand. Bangkok, Thailand, Royal Society, 272 p. [In Thai].
Salam A., Noguchi T., Pothitan R., 2006. Community forest management in Thailand: current situation and dynamics in the context of sustainable development. New Forests, 31: 273-291. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-005-7483-8
Sanoamuang N., 2010. Wild mushroom of Thailand: biodiversity and utilization. Khon Kaen, Department of Plant Science and Agricultural Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, 424 p. [In Thai].
Schulp C. J. E., Thuiller W., Verburg P. H., 2014. Wild food in Europe: a synthesis of knowledge and data of terrestrial wild food as an ecosystem service. Ecological Economics, 105: 292-305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2014.06.018
Sellato B., 2002. Non-timber forest products and trade in eastern Borneo. Bois et Forêts des Tropiques, 271 (1): 37-50.
Sikor T., He J., Lestrelin G., 2017. Property rights regimes and natural resources: a conceptual analysis revisited. World Development, 93: 337-349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.12.032
Sribandit W., 2007. Some ecological aspects and marketing of weaver ant (Oecophylla smaragdina F.). Master Thesis, Kasetsart University, Thailand. [In Thai].
Sribandit W., Wiwatwitaya D., Suksard S., Offenberg J., 2008. The importance of weaver ant (Oecophylla smaragdina Fabricius) harvest to a local community in northeastern Thailand. Asian Myrmecology, 2: 129-138. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-importance-of-weaver-ant-(Oecophylla-smaragdina-Sribandit-Wiwatwitaya/c144077a59b6361de3e717d1d5e4038985785733
Stevens D. L., 1997. Variable density grid-based sampling designs for continuous spatial populations. Environmetrics, 8: 167-195. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-095x(199705)8:3<167::aid-env239>3.0.co;2-d
Taylor B., Adedoyin S. F., 1978. The abundance and inter-specific relations of common ant species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on cocoa farms in western Nigeria. Cited in: Lokkers C., 1990. Colony dynamics of the green tree ant (Oecophylla smaragdina Fab.) in a seasonal tropical climate. Doctoral Thesis, James Cook University of North Queensland, Australia. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300007197
Tedersoo L., May T. W., Smith M. E., 2010. Ectomycorrhizal lifestyle in fungi: global diversity, distribution, and evolution of phylogenetic lineages. Mycorrhiza, 20: 217-263. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-009-0274-x
Tewari D. D., 2014. Is big business approach to managing non-timber forest products (NTFPs) benign? Rising unsustainable extraction and looming policy challenges. Journal of Human Ecology, 47 (1): 87-102. https://doi.org/10.1080/09709274.2014.11906741
Ticktin T., 2004. The ecological implications of harvesting non-timber forest products. Journal of Applied Ecology, 41: 11-21. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2004.00859.x
Van Itterbeeck J., Sivongxay N., Praxaysombath B., Van Huis A., 2014. Indigenous knowledge of the edible weaver ant Oecophylla smaragdina Fabricius Hymenoptera: Formicidae from the Vientiane Plain, Lao PDR. Society of Ethnobiology, Ethnobiology Letters, 5: 4-12. https://doi.org/10.14237/ebl.5.2014.4-12
Zhang Y., Geng W., Shen Y., Wang Y., Dai Y., 2014. Edible mushroom cultivation for food security and rural development in China: bio-innovation, technological dissemination and marketing. Sustainability, 6: 2961-2973. https://doi.org/10.3390/su6052961
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2020-02-17
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Wimolsakcharoen, W., Dumrongrojwatthana, P., & Trébuil, G. . (2020). Production de produits forestiers non ligneux et diversité des pratiques de récolte et des processus décisionnels des exploitants dans les forêts communautaires du nord de la Thaïlande. BOIS & FORETS DES TROPIQUES, 343, 39–52. https://doi.org/10.19182/bft2020.343.a31845
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